Dialogue between Beccaria, Lombroso and Durkheim

Criminology, as every science, relies on facts and evidence. This paper is aimed at creating a dialogue between three criminologists of the nineteenth century Beccaria, Lombroso and Durkheim; in this discussion, they will explain their points of view and try to implement their theories into the reality at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty first century.Their doctrines were a response to the processes of industrialization and the modernization in the 18th and 19th centuries; they aimed to promote cohesion and rationality in the society (Vold & Bernard, 1986, p. 101) Lombroso and Beccaria are sitting in a bright living room drinking tea and waiting for Durkheim to join them. While the criminologist has not come yet, they have time to talk and discuss each other’s works: Beccaria: Good afternoon, Mr. Lombroso. How are you doing?Lombroso: Good afternoon, Mr. Beccaria. Fine, thanks. What about you? Beccaria: I’m also fine, thank you. I should compliment yo u: recently I have read your work The Criminal Man (1911) and it appeared to be fantastic; I must admit that your point of view is rather interesting; but I have not understood the way you distinguish those three classes of criminals. Lombroso: I will gladly explain you that. Three types of criminals are: Atavist, Criminaloid and Insane criminal.Atavists are the criminals that reproduce the most ferocious characters of a wild animal or a primitive man, which explains that they are well recognized by large jaws, prominent superciliary arches, solitary lines in the palms, their orbits are of extremely large size, handle-shaped or sessile ears found in criminals, they are insensible to pain, have extremely acute sight, their bodies are covered with tattoos, excessive idleness, they love to participate in orgies and have the irresistible craving for evil for its own sake, the desire not only to extinguish life in the victim but to mutilate the corpse, tear its flesh and drink its blood.   (Lombroso, 2006, p. 101) Becaria: Remember the case of the Op shop vandalism?I suppose that those teenagers, who have robbed this shop, may be classified as Atavists. Am I right? Lombroso: Exactly. Now let me explain you about two other types of criminals. Criminaloids are respectable persons, who carefully and thoroughly hide their criminal nature from society. They enjoy being respected and realizing that nobody knows about their other â€Å"me†. Criminaloids usually connect their occupation with law or they work for government, which makes it easier for them to hide their crimes.Besides, Criminaloids tend to commit misdemeanors rather than felonies. Insane criminals are mentally ill and not born to be criminals as Criminaloids or Atavists. Insane criminals commit crimes because â€Å"of an alteration of the brain, which completely upsets their moral nature† (Lombroso, 2006, pp. 14-15). I would say that to such category belong alcoholics, kleptomaniacs, child mol esters. Beccaria: I must admit that your theory is rather interesting. Knowing what type of criminal a detective faces, he will know how to punish him or her and where to search for an offender. Lombroso: Yes, but it is not as easy as it may seem.Nowadays, it is very popular among teenagers to have piercing and tattoos or behave aggressively; on the other hand, that does not mean that they are Atavists, it is only the way of expressing themselves. Beccaria: To my mind, Mr. Lombroso, your theory is not perfect. I am sure that there are no those, who were born to be criminals; we live in a free country, and every person is willing to choose what he or she wants; therefore, I am sure that if a person is a criminal, he or she has chosen to act so. I do not say that your approach is not right, but it cannot be implemented in life.Lombroso: I have read your book On Crimes and Punishment, where you have presented your own point of view on this issue. I know that you think that there are tw o characteristics to explain a human behavior: rationality and intelligence. However, I cannot understand how this is related to criminology. Beccaria: Let me explain you, my dear Lombroso. Let us take as an example the case, we have discussed before, the case of the Op shop vandalism. Those juveniles, who were committing this misdemeanor, thought that they would have some particular profit out of this robbery.â€Å"Every single individual is said to be not the servant but the master or manipulator of his/her fate. They are more possessed of free will rather than driven by spiritual phenomena† (Vold & Bernard, 1986, pp. 8-9). They were acting according to their free will; they wrongly thought that they will have some benefit after this act of vandalism. Lombroso: I cannot agree to you, my dear friend Beccaria. Some criminals, it does not matter whether they are Atavists, Criminaloids or Insane criminals, commit some crimes driven only by some particular obsession.For example, Atavists are born criminals, they have no other choice, but to commit crimes, it is their nature. I have talked to those criminals who belong to three different types, and those who are Atavists did not even confess that they have committed a crime. To my mind, criminals are not something extraordinary, they are a part of the modern society, and one cannot do anything with this. Those teenagers, as I have already mentioned, looked like Atavists, they act in a different way in order to feel special.How do you think, why do they have tattoos? Because this reflects their inner insensitivity to pain and their love to adornment (Lombroso, 2006, pp. 84). Durkheim: Good afternoon, my dear friends, Mr. Lombroso, Mr. Beccaria. I am sorry for being late. I suppose you have been discussing some interesting issues about modern criminology without me, have not you been? Lombroso: Yes, you are right, Mr. Durkheim. We were trying to explain each other our theories about criminals, and why they be come criminals. I was trying to prove Mr.Beccaria that there are three types of criminals, and that they are not extraordinary, their criminal nature is what they were born with; it is something like a mental disorder. Besides, I cannot agree to Mr. Beccaria that people commit crimes, because they want to do so. Durkheim: I see. I have read your book The Criminal Man, dear Lombroso. Your theory is rather interesting, although I think that in this very discussion you were too much aggressive with Mr. Beccaria. To my mind, criminal conduct is not something ordinary nowadays; I think that everything is determined by society.Social factors are highly significant and they influence the way a person acts. The point is not that a person has some internal or external reasons to commit a crime; sometimes, a person is driven by social factors. â€Å"A social fact is however normal in relation to a given social type at a given phase of its development, when it’s present in the average society of that species at the corresponding phase of its evolution† (Durkheim, 1982, p 65). Beccaria: I suppose that your theory is based predominantly on the way how society influences criminals and not vice versa. Durkheim: Yes, you are right.I suppose that all world’s societies  are of two types, according to how the labor is divided there: Organic societies and Mechanical societies. Organic societies are more complex; people, who live in such social groups, are more differently employed, they have more opportunities to find job. Mechanical societies, on the other hand, are primitive; they are isolated from other social classes and are relatively self-dependent. They have almost identical life conditions, and they do the same job, all they have one occupation. Lombroso: Do you want to say that a person is more likely to commit a crime in a Mechanical society? Durkheim: Yes, you are right, my dear Lombroso.For a mechanic society, crime is normal; besides, I think t hat there are no societies in the world, where people are not significantly different from the collective type (Durkheim, 1982, p. 70). Let me explain you. Imagine a perfect society, for example, a society of saints; it is a mechanical type of social group. If a person in an organic society, which is an ordinary society, the one we live in, commits a cruel crime, there will be a scandal; the same situation will be if somebody from a mechanical society, from a society of saints, does something wrong, which in an organic society will not be even noticed.If we define what crime is and such criminal behaviors subsists no more in a society, the new criminal behaviors will appear and replace the old ones. However, in organic societies, such quick changes, which appear because of the increasing division of labor, may lead to social rules confusion, and a person may feel lost in this particular society. All social norms break down, and it leads to the appearing of the Anomie. (Durkheim, p. 70) Lombroso: Anomie? Do you mean that it can be a kind of disorder of a society? Beccaria: I suppose, it is possible.Durkheim: You both are right. We are not ready for our society to be changed; it does not matter whether changes are high or low. If society is changed, people who live in this society begin to panic, which leads to the increasing quantity of suicides, people are used to stability. Instability means abnormality. Human appetites are excessive; if some of the goal is unreachable, a person may become depressed and unhappy; on the other hand, people can be limited only by one thing. Lombroso: I cannot agree with you that human appetites are excessive.Durkheim: They are, my dear friend Lombroso; the point is that sometimes those appetites are reduced by some social factors, for example, economic crisis. Economic crisis is a kind of disaster, which makes a person not only be unhappy or depressed, but also commit suicides. Thought I should admit that such anomie will be wor se in an abrupt growth or power and wealth. The original needs can no longer remain but they are not able in accustoming to the new condition. The richer situation will always stimulate the appetites and make them more exigent and impatient of control.  (Durkheim, 1997, pp. 246-247).Do you remember the case of three teenagers, who robbed the Op shop? Beccaria: Yes, we have also used this case as an example explaining our theories. Durkheim: That is good. Those three teenagers have committed the crime because of the process of modernization; the society is changing, and teenagers have an unstable state of mind, which makes it more possible that they commit an offence. This act of vandalism is only their way to show how frustrated they are; how frustrated people in our society are because of coming changes.Beccaria: What about punishment for these crimes? Durkheim: First of all, we should understand that in a mechanical society, law is far more oppressive, while in an organic societ y, laws are to restitute. In mechanical societies, people are bound to be punished for violating the law, whereas in organic societies, punishments are meant to restore a normal functioning of the society. Lombroso: Those three teenagers have committed a crime, and they should be penalized; besides they are Atavists, which means that they were born to be criminals.Durkheim: I agree to you that they have violated the law and should receive a penalty. Nevertheless, their punishment should be fair and effective. The role of judges is only to determine guilt, whereas the role of legislators is to determine crimes and punishment. Besides, I think that it is the extent of damage that should determine the seriousness of an offence. Sometimes, the intention itself may cause bad results. Besides, before those boys were punished, nobody said anything about the purpose of those juveniles.The punishment for those teenagers should not be too severe; it will be ridiculous if those juveniles are s entenced to death or life imprisonment (Durkheim, p. 357). One more essential problem is that people suppose that a criminal should be punished as fast as possible; they think it is more effectively. Finally, it is better to forestall a crime than to penalize a perpetrator. My theory is that a crime itself is a disease, an illness; therefore, the punishment should be compensation.What I want to say is that in order to be a relevant compensation, a punishment should fulfill its role. â€Å"If crime is not pathological, the object of punishment cannot be to cure it. † (Durkheim, pp. 72-75) Lombroso: Your ideas are remarkable to a considerable degree, my dear friend. I suppose they will be useful not only for our modern society, but also for future generations. Beccaria: I think that all the ideas we have heard today will be useful for future criminologists. Thank you, my dear friends, for such a pleasant discussion.

4 Special Techniques of Technical Writing Essay

The four special techniques are DEFINITION, DESCRIPTION OF MECHANISM, DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS, and CLASSIFICATION. These techniques are not types of reports and it is important to remember that these techniques usually appear in a single report. It would be exceptional to find an entire report, even a short one, only one of these techniques. For example, two containing or more techniques might be closely interwoven as a writer described the design, construction, and operation of a mechanism. The intermingling of these techniques, however, does not alter the basic principles of their use. These techniques can be studied most effectively by taking one technique at a time. 1. Definition In technology, words have precise, specific meanings; therefore there is a need for defining a technical term clearly. The extent to which a term should be defined or the length of a definition depends on the writer’s purpose and the knowledge level of the reader. Before going to the problem of â€Å"how to define†, it is better to â€Å"think about what should be defined first.† It is not possible of course, to set up an absolute list of terms and ideas that would require definition, not even for a specific body of readers, but it is possible and desirable to clarify the point of view from which the problem of definition should be attacked. 2. Description of a Mechanism A mechanism is generally defined as any object or system that has a working part or parts. Most often the term suggests tools, instruments, and machines. But other examples of mechanisms could be the human body and systems like the universe or a city, which is composed of parts that work together like parts of a machine. A technical man constantly works with mechanisms and always needs to understand them; what they do, what they look like, what parts they have, and how these parts work together. There are three fundamental divisions of the description and these are the  introduction, the part-by-part description, and the conclusion. 3. Description of a Process A process is a series of actions, and fundamentally the description of a process is the description of action. The action may be either one of two types. One type is that in which attention is focused on the performance of a human being, or possibly a group of human beings. A simple example is filing a work piece by hand; in a description of this process, emphasis would fall naturally upon the human skills required. The other type involves action in which a human operator either is not directly concerned at all, or inconspicuous. An instance is the functioning of a contactor. 4. Classification Classification is the orderly, systematic arrangement of related things in accordance with a governing principle or basis. The classifier notes the structural and functional relationships among things that constitute a class. In recording this relationships, the classifier employs certain conventional terms. Acquaintance with these convenient terms will make the rest easy to follow. Differentiate Mechanism is generally defined as any object or system that has a working part or parts while the Process is a series of actions and fundamentally is the description of action. Mechanism also has three fundamental divisions of description namely the introduction, the part-by-part description, and the conclusion. Process in the other hand has two types of action. The first type is focused on the performance of the human being or possibly a group of human beings. The second type involves action in which a human operator either is not directly concerned at all, or inconspicuous. Example of Each Technique: Definition -An Electrician is a Technician -A technique is a systematic procedure used to accomplish a complex or scientific task. Description of Mechanism -The pendulum of the clock swings to the left. The pallet moves in the opposite direction to the right. The right leg of the pallet engage a tooth of the escape wheel. Description of a Process -A dropped of blood traced through the entire body takes the following course: the blood with oxygen from the lungs goes through the pulmonary veins to the left auricle, to the left ventricle, and then to the aorta or great artery. This artery and its branches carry the blood to all parts of the body. Classifications -According to fuel consumption, cars can be categorized into two types, hybrid cars and regular cars.

Aggressive and threatening language

Aggressive and threatening language Essay Pip and Magwitch are the most mysterious and strange quasi family in the novel. They are connected but without either knowing for the most part. Its coincidental that the father of the woman loved by Pip is his benefactor, however a benefactor without knowing his own daughter.  The two first meet in the Marshes. Magwitch, a convict demands a file and some wittles (food) at the cost of the boys life. Here, Dickens brings the scene to life with his use of aggressive and threatening language. Pip brings Magwitch what he has asked and hopes never to be associated with such a man again. In Chapter 39 his fears are answered.  A guest visits Pip, a snobbish almost gentleman Pip.  Pip is shocked and horrified as Magwitch gradually discloses he is his benefactor, that Jaggers is his agent. Magwitch has risked being hanged just to return to England (After serving time in Australia) to see his creation his gentleman. Pip finds him repulsive but shelters him and gives him Herberts bed. In discovering Magwitch is his benefactor, Pip is faced with his own vanity and gullibility. His life has been guided by fantasy. Dickens uses some cold language during this chapter to show Pips annoyance and grief that Magwitch unintentionally has caused. When I awoke without having parted in my sleep with the perception of my wretchedness, the clocks of the Eastward churches were striking five, the candles were wasted out, the fire was dead, and the wind and rain intensified the thick black darkness. Pip.  Magwitch, on the contrary is happy about his (mirroring Mrs. Havisham and Estella) creation.   , lookee here, dear boy, he said dropping his voice and laying a long finger on my breast in an impressive manner.  By Chapter 42 the relationship of the two has increased somewhat. Pip manages to get Magwitch to tell him and Herbert his life story, and about Compeyson. Although Magwitch reluctantly tells the two friends the story, telling Pip so much, indicates he may have begun to truly trust Pip. By this chapter, Pip is maturing; he is only now becoming a real gentleman. Magwitch may have spotted this, and this could be the only reason why Magwitch told Pip so much.  However, it is only by Chapter 46 that they become more open towards each other. In this chapter, Herbert and Pip decide to use a boat to get Magwitch out of the country. The use of language is friendlier between Pip and Magwitch.  Dear Boy he answered, clasped my hands, I dont know when we may meet again, and I dont like Good-Bye, say Good-Night! Good Night!  The use of exclamation marks is more frequent and the actual dialogue is friendlier.  Chapter 54 is the almost escaped chapter. Magwitch gets captured and the reader now sees there is genuine care for Magwitch from Pip, as he promises never to leave his side. During the journey, Magwitch is strangely passive. This may imply that he is going to miss Pip, and he trusts Pip.  Pips failure to export Magwitch out of country makes him pity Magwitch. During Chapter 56, we notice their relationship at its strongest. Magwitch is sentenced to death for his crimes, but dies naturally before. Pip is at his bedside. Pips and Magwitchs language is solemn, as if with a lump in their throat. They have become good friends. Pips final words Youre daughter is beautiful and I love her is a sweet end to an otherwise bitter life, and more fulfilling than having created a gentleman.  The language and emotions shared between them is one as if theyre father and son, which links with Magwitch said back in Chapter 39 READ: Death Of A Salesman EssayLookee here, Pip. Im your second father. Youre my son more to me nor any son. Magwitch, pg.313 Bottom.  The devotion between Pip and Magwitch shows there is a genuine love between them.  O Lord, be merciful to him, a sinner!  Magwitchs created gentleman has now really become a gentleman.  The grouping of Pip and Magwitch is the only one that actually works as a whole. The grouping/quasi family features qualities that keep the grouping together and functional. The members of group rely and can trust each other, they pity each other and they love each other. As a whole none of the other quasi families feature these qualities and so, can be called dysfunctional.

Role Of Manager And Organizational Theory Coursework - 2

Role Of Manager And Organizational Theory - Coursework Example The managers take the role of implementing the gathered information on the problems that the client faces. It is the role of the manager to resolve the issues derived from the gathered information. Therefore, according to the organizational theory, the role of the manager is to solve problems that face the customers(Jones, 2001). In a suitable world, the conflicting role of the theory is never an issue since the role managers think they should play and those that employees think they need to play is always in a sync proportion. Heineken Company poses to be one of the greatest organization in the universe. The management of the company has contributed to the success of the company. The management of the company has set the role of the managers and employees based on the organizational theory. The problems that arise in the company are always analyzed and reacted critically before coming up with a decision. The management uses this technique to reduce the conflict issues in a company. The company understands that avoiding issues or conflicts within the organization may prohibit the manager from playing their management role (Jones, 2001).

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Research Paper Example e character and behavior of animals (23) The author further describes this type of art and influenced by observation of animals and their behavior under particular circumstances (Art Galleries Switzerland 24). Regardless of the assumption in the similarity between animal characters and real events, Skoglund’s art work is effective and appropriate to communicate to her audience. The art work titled Fox Games displays the exact characteristics of Skoglund. The art work incorporates appropriate color and installation and presentation of the art work. Skoglund uses fox described objects to set the art work into the required plot expectation (1). The fox installations represent the animal itself. She is also able to display the violent nature of foxes by placing different foxes at different position other denoting violence and fighting. Skoglund uses color to enhance audience and art connectivity. Foxes are normally regarded as dangerous animals and color red represents this notion effectively. Hung Liu is a Chinese artist whose most artwork is influenced by her personal experience since her childhood. As a child she had she had to witness many tribulations that affected China including eviction from their homes due to war and political instability (Hallmark 56). Liu studied art and he paid tribute to great artists in China. His acknowledgement of art made her an artistic symbol in China as she got numerous teaching opportunities in universities and colleges (Hallmark 58). She travelled to the United States where she further continued with her artwork and gain global acknowledgement for her presentation and great taste in art. Her art work are based on photography and painting based on ancient Chinese traditions and perception on the society (Art Scene Chinas Par 3). Her presentation of the Chinese tradition in the modern art galleries have gained significant and the influential in the Chinese social circles. In reviewing her 1995 painting titled Customs, Liu uses

Event Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Event Leadership - Research Paper Example The role of the event producer is a major one and usually inter-links with the event manager. In an event management company the role of the event producer is a representative who is the lead producer of the event who evaluates the supplies, vendors, number of staffs and subcontractors who will work on the event. Together they become the production team (Matthews 2007). Event manager: The event manager has an overlapping role of administration, coordination, marketing, and managing legal, risks or ethical issues. The event manager either supports or is the same as the event producer. He has similar responsibilities in the production of the special event depending on the width and breadth of the event (Goldblatt 2004). Administrating contractor: This is the person or organization responsible for recruiting the staffs necessary for carrying out the tasks during the event. The event producer sometimes take on the task of hiring, training, and firing of personnel involved in the team but is not directly responsible for contracting them. The event producer pays for them and even provides the technical expertise to effectively coordinate the activities but the staffs remain under the supervision of the contractor. Directors: These individuals are those who are the stakeholders such as the financiers, organizations, individuals or officials who are paying for the event. They usually have direct influence over the flow of the event, its successful production and its completion. They are in essence the "boss". Legal representatives: Sometimes the nature of the event requires intervention from public organizations which are external to the event such as the government, police department, fire brigade department and officials. To ensure that the event complies with local policies and procedures, state, provincial or federal laws, legal representatives may be recruited to guide the event producer in this arena (Goldblatt

Brooklyn Community Assesment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Brooklyn Community Assesment - Research Paper Example In order to gather data about the Brooklyn community, various US governmental reports and annual reports of the organizations or the agencies dealing with this particular community have been effectively utilized. Apart from these, valuable data about the community has been gathered through utilizing varied reliable sources including newspapers, websites and community magazines of the US. In order to describe the boundaries of Brooklyn community, it will be vital to mention that a huge proportion of the individuals residing within this community uneducated, which eventually imposed adverse impact on its development. Justifiably, the prevalence of low literacy rate has caused employment related problems in Brooklyn community at large. As per the report published by City of New York (2012), the prevalence of greater unemployment rate has certainly emerged the conduct of numerous violent activities in the locality of Brooklyn community (City of New York, 2012). Apart from this, it can al so be ascertained that medical science and hospital facilities are not up to satisfactory mark, which has been troubling the citizens residing within Brooklyn community. Thus, mortality rate of Brooklyn community is higher than that of the average mortality rate of the US. The report of New York City College of Technology (2013) stated that one out of three adults does not insure their life in Brooklyn community. Similarly, 31 % of the residents within Brooklyn do not get involved in having medical check-up regularly.

Winding River Basin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Winding River Basin - Essay Example A stakeholder is someone who is part of an activity or anyone who has an interest in that particular activity hence is ultimately impacted by it. In this particular project, the governments of the aforementioned countries through various representatives are the major stakeholders since they are responsible for formulating statutory regulations as well as policies that guide the effective implementation of the project. Governance is particularly concerned with influencing the course of action with the major aim of achieving desired results. For instance, decentralization of authority from top to bottom would ensure effective management as each stakeholder involved would have a significant role to play hence they would be part of the project. Involving various stakeholders would promote compliance hence governance in the form of controlling or checking progress would be made easier. Decentralization of power and authority in the management of the project would ensure its effectiveness as well as mutual understanding among all stakeholders involved. Every member of the community should be involved in the overall project as this would give a sense of belonging to a certain activity. Controlling should be done at every stage as a way of ensuring that every sector of the society is well informed about the benefits of the project. Basically, effective implementation of the WRB project management would require concerted efforts of all stakeholders involved as this would ensure optimum compliance by all members of the societies impacted.

Literacy and ELL students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literacy and ELL students - Essay Example This 66 9-page volume reports the culmination of a four-year process by the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth, which includes 13 expert researchers in reading, language, bilingualism, research methods, and education. The mission of the National Literacy Panel was twofold: ‘to identify, assess, and synthesize research on the education of language-minority children and youth with respect to their attainment of literacy and to produce a comprehensive report evaluating and synthesizing this literature’† (Grant, Wong, and Osterling, 2007). The outline of the subtopics in this topic is fairly easy to follow and mimics the outline of other books on the subject. The topic is typically divided into sections, and the first book that will be illustrated in this case was written by Grant, Wong, and Osterling (2007). These include the initial introduction that was introduced above, Introduction to the Reviewers and Our Approach to the Review, The Heteroglossic Nature of Biliteracy, Defining Heteroglossia, Heteroglossia: Cross-Linguistic Implications, Heteroglossia and Bilingualism, Heteroglossia and Assessment, A Sociocultural Approach to Literacy Research, Definition of the Social,Contrasting Views on the Social, Sociocultural Frameworks: The Funds of Knowledge, Shifting the Paradigm: Multidimensional, Defining Literacy for the 21st Century, Autonomous Versus Ideological Models of Literacy, Literacy: Extending the Frameworks, and the authors’ Closing Thoughts. Since there is only a limited amount of space in this article review, a brief account of each of the above sections will be covered. With regard to the Introduction to the Reviewers and Our Approach to the Review, professionals emphasize how they chose a group of very diverse candidates to perform their critique. They generally feel that is an important step in getting a

Rondell Data Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rondell Data Corporation - Case Study Example This report stresses that Rondell Corporation uses a functional structure, a design that entails grouping of people because they possess similar knowledge, skills or use the same resources. The employees in the Rondell are sourced mainly from one particular field, that of engineering, and they are then grouped in specialized departments because they use the same skills and resources. In the case of Rondell, for example, Doc Reeves was preferred by Dave Schwab to move from Frank Forbus department to work in his. This shows that Reeves possesses skills that can enable to work in another department. Reeves are generally and engineer. This paper makes a conclusion that due to increased competition within companies, this structure is the most suitable as it tends to reduce the time required to bringing a new product to the market, as the process of product development is sped up. This structure involves centralization of the support functions and adoption of multidivisional structure whereby each department will have its own support functions. Specialists from the support functions are put together into product development groups that concentrate in the needs of a specific kind of product. The result is that each group becomes an independent division led by a product team manager, whose role is to oversee the operational activities related to the development and production of the product. The product groups specialize on the requirements of the product and they put their effort in it to ensure customer satisfaction.

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Information technology has undoubtedly played important role of transforming the operation, management and the overall performance of many organizations. Similarly, it’s expected that information technology would show more or less same impact of results in the healthcare organizations. That is, the employment of IT system in the provision of health care services will mitigate the quality of service provision in the industry. Generally, the term â€Å"quality† is used not in its simplest form but has been used in its complex form, which is primarily meant to incorporate improvement of the functioning of the different healthcare departments together with the affiliated organizations which form part or participate in one way or another in the process of delivering health care service (Berg, 2001). Despite the fact that there has been increased investment in the healthcare industry, recent research has shown that the consumption of IT services/products is far much less in the healthcare industry as compared with the consumption rate of organizations in other sectors. Moreover, the large world population in developed countries or states like in the UK, USA among others access to high-quality healthcare services. While it’s known that not all individuals in the developed nations are well up, the poor and the middle class group experience a lot of obstacles as they endeavor to access healthcare services and their related products such as acquisition of healthcare insurance cover and payment of hospital bills. With the low consumption rate of the IT services by the healthcare organizations in most developed nations, this has led to provisions of meager services to the poor, but it’s postulated changing to intensive IT consumption would mitigate the situation (Fournier, 2003). Significance of Using EMR system There are several reasons for the embracing of IT systems in the healthcare industry. Depending on different perspective of the focus, the use IT system has been used to bring an evolution in the healthcare provision. Like in other industries dealing with provisions of services and products different from those of healthcare industry, the implementation of IT services in the healthcare sector is aimed at bringing an evolution both in the performance and quality of the services delivered to the consumers. For the last two or three decades back, many organizations have put more efforts in the funding of healthcare service provision, in order to have a change from the traditional record keeping practices. The adoption of the E-recording has thus been viewed as major step towards achieving a greater improvement in the healthcare overall performance. The consumption of IT services though is at low rates, the benefit accrued from the few ways in which it has been absorbed is enormous. In the area of medical records and record keeping, healthcare industry is adopting to the IT system to solve the problem of complexity in their system. First and foremost, the utilization of IT systems in medical record and recording reduces the time of production, spaces and transfer duration, thus leading to overall decrease in the expenditure cost of the record management (Berg, 2001). Facility evaluation The EMR facility is a sophisticated instrument which comprises of different parts for the accomplishment of the recording and storage of healthcare data and information. The equipment’s components include both computer hardware as well as software that support its data processing, storage operations and management. The major physical parts of the facility are the CPU together with its accessory components, while the non-physical component included the operating software and the special EMR software, which permit the performance of multiples tasks of healthcare. The special software is an advanced one which enables data entry through use of clicks, reducing the amount of keyboard typing. This means that the EMR facility supports the input of enormous data into the healthcare records with ease. The advanced software not only wires information in the word formats but it also supports the use of the imagery or photographic works, meaning that it’s a complete storage system of healthcare information. Cost of EMR system The EMR system is a model that occupies the least space in data storage systems. Though it has a multi-task purpose, the costs perhaps is at moderate rate. EMR costs are computed from the various variables or components which are needed in the implementation of the system within an organization. The costs of implementing EMR are identified in two classes, viz the purchasing and installation system cost and the maintenance cost. Usually, prior to the installation of the EMR system, the CPU and computer accessories must be purchased. Additionally, the clinicians and physician are without the knowledge of developing the superior software which allows the carrying out of the various functions of data storage and processing. Currently, the prices of a computer range from $ 7000 to 7500, while the software prices are estimated in the range of $`1000 to $1500 which are inclusive of the license charges. The grant installation expenses of the hardware and the software within the healthcare premise is approximated at $ 3500, but this quote is not inclusive of the implementation expenses which incorporates the costs incurred during the adoption of the new systems. A part from the equipment and software costs, other indirect expenses are incurred in the courses of running the systems: the maintenance costs which are at about $ 2000 per annum (Fournier, 2003). Regulation implications The utilization of the EMR systems in hospitals will have great impacts on the regulation and management of information within the healthcare provider organizations. Among the anticipated outcomes is that the use of this system would save time taken in retrieving patient’s information as well as hasten transferring of the information to any other organization or party where it’s needed. By doing so, both insurance organizations and organizations acting as referral healthcare services providers will have broader based of the assessment the patient’s health progress. While this system employed Electronic signatures that are unique, it’s a practice that reduces the risks associated with the heavy use of personalized signatures that can change with time or maybe forgotten. Barriers to EMR systems As revealed in a number of healthcare organization that have endeavored to install the new EMR system in their organization, there are several challenges are generally faced by firms implementing the system. According to the disclosed information, the initial outlay or capital is extremely high to be met within the current budget on healthcare development. The lean budgetary range bars the purchase of crucial and basic equipments such as power backups to ensure data inputs and output operations are not halted due blackouts or brown out that adversely affect the quality of service delivery. Considering that most have workers have been used to the old system of paper work, it’s undoubtedly overt that most of them will be disturbed of the implementation of the system (Miller, 2004). The employment of EMR system mean that much work would be accomplished by a few clinicians and physician workers, a case that actually acts as a threat to job security for some of the employees. To take the full benefits of the systems, it’s very important for the training of the staffs, particularly to empower them in the use of installed system. This calls for the payment of the training service from external organization/firms as the organization has got no training personnel with the required knowledge, experience and proficient of the installed system. The hiring of the new trainers is not ease as their cost falls out of the current budget. The handling of the new system of EMR also demands the use of shared devices such as serves, which implies that the company would have to hire additional staff to maintain the networks and the servers. Fraud and waste issues The implementation of the EMR systems within the organization has the ability of curbing certain problems experienced in the course of management and activity accomplishment. Usually, most of the organization depending on the traditional paper work recording depicted a lot of movements from one place to another. This indicates poor integration or communication between individuals at different departments. Sometimes, this increases the duration of the patient’s stay within the healthcare facility. Thus, the employment of the EMR system reduces the waste of healthcare facilities by eliminating or reducing many personnel movements, meanwhile leading to improvement on patient’s safety and general service delivery. Though EMR systems is appealing way of improving the clinicians and physicians work effectiveness, high risks on privacy and confidence are associated with this kind of system. System hacking together with ease of reproducing the data in this system acts as the greatest threat to the use of the methodology (Miller, 2004) EMR Implementation The following are steps of implementing an EMR system: †¢ Selection of the most suitable EMR to be adopted by the organization †¢ Compose a lead team to campaign for the EMR system †¢ Generate an implementation plan †¢ List/choosing the required equipments and software †¢ Training the organization’s staffs †¢ Select security provider to the data/ information sites †¢ Input the selected data of interest Timeline The first day will be the discussion on the redundancy experienced within the organizations so as to determine the appropriate EMR system. The second day will be formation of a steering team that would work together towards ensuring success of the project. Third will be generation of a list of items: equipments and software that would be used. Then, this will be followed by the installation of the system that would take a bout a week. This will run concurrently with the training of the staff members on the new system though the training will be extended by another week for practical skill acquisition.

Advice for raising children

Advice for raising children Advice for raising children At different ages children are exposed to different situation; it may or may not lead them to negative emotions. Therefore, parents are always concerned about how to treat their childrens negative emotions, and about how to build intimacy with their children. Recently, I have read four different articles which talk about developing strong bond between parents and children. In the articles, â€Å"Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child,† by John Gottman, â€Å"Our Approach to Discipline,† by William Sears and Martha Sears, â€Å"The Childhood Roots Of Adult Happiness,† by Edward Hallowell, â€Å"How to Behave so Your Children Will, too,† by Salv Severe focuse on building healthy relationship between children and parents. Gottman, Hallowell, and Sears, emphasis the important of communication in parenting. Parenting can be very difficult, but these tips that authors offer may help you become closer with your child. Gottman claims that empathy strength the parent children bond. Parents must acknowledge their own negative emotions before they try to understand their childrens emotions. When you talk to your kids about their problems, you show them that you are their ally when it comforts and supports your child. Parents want their children to be more independent and solve their own problem. Sometimes parents tend to neglect their childrens emotion, just to teach them lesson; however it causes children to build negative emotions. Thus, it is essential to have an understanding between parents and children to enrich strong relationship. Sears suggests discipline is effective when parents connect with their children (pg 90). The parents are connected to their children; the more likely the children are to acc ept the parents discipline. Hallowell asserts that when parents love and accept their children, the parents and children develop connectedness (pg 97). Strong connectedness at school and home will make child less likely to become depressed, suicidal or drug users. Children are happier and more confident when they feel connected. Severe insists that parents are most effective with discipline when they cooperate with their children rather than trying to control them (pg 108). If parents let their children make decision, children learn independent. As with Sears strong parent child bond ensures the effectiveness of discipline. In addition, sears claims that communication between children reduces misbehavior it is really important how you interpret your childs problem and listen to it. Once children have experienced their own feeling, they are capable of understanding others. When parents child relationship is good, children accept more of their parents modeling. If parents want their c hildren to respect others, they have to respect their children too. Parents who communication well with their children, and enable their children to communication well with others. Sears and Hallowell believe that Childrens self-esteem influences their social behavior and learning. Hallowell asserts that motivations, positive attitudes, and behaviors influence children to have high self-esteem (pg 98). Children who have high self-esteem are mostly likely to response optimistically. They also manage difficult situation, and less negative emotions. Sears considers that children who act positively and tend to have high self-image. They also behave in wise manner. In addition, children with low self-esteem will not able to experience anything new; thus, they are less likely to succeed in school. Severe asserts parents should teach their children to make responsible decisions (pg 109). If the children are having hard time finding the solutions, parents should ask them for the possible solutions they can come up with it. There are usually more than one solution but allow your children to come up with the solutions. It will help them to understand the consequences and improve their ability to consciously make wise decisions. Sears and Gottman insist parents to set up limits on their children to maintain discipline and behavior. Sears claims that setting up limits on childrens behavior, the children are less likely to cross their limits (pg 92). When setting limits, you will sometimes need to alter to the more cruel disciplinary approach of punishment. If parents set harsh limits, their children will learn positive discipline. It helps them develop into responsible and dependable adults. Gottman believes that parents often set limits for childrens misbehavior and it also makes life more successful for your child in the long run. Sever believes that children often learn how to behave from their parents behavior (pg 106). Childrens home environment influenced on their school performance therefore, if children have grown up in environment where it is happy, they tend have positive influence. The qualities the children received from their parents are being polite, supportive, caring, generous and compassionate. Parents are their most profound inspiration. Parenting style can be present various ways throughout childrens life. Since children learn most of their behavior from their parents, these techniques greatly helpful for parents to raise children.

Co-ordination and Control of the Excretory System

Co-ordination and Control of the Excretory System Homeostasis,  Co-ordination and Control  and the Excretory system Homeostasis is when a living being keeps control of the internal bodily conditions to keep the inside the â€Å"same†. It maintains things such as the bodies temperature at around 37 degrees, keeps the blood amount at around 5 liters and maintains water amount inside the body. All these can change due to different conditions, such as, the temperature outside or exercising causing the body to â€Å"sweat† which looses water. Inside the human body there are lots of, â€Å"Sensors† which monitor everything. They send signals to the brain when something is â€Å"different†, sensors in the brain will then monitor the changes and signal to effectors to make changes if necessary. The human body temperature sits at 37 degrees, whatever the temperature externally the temperature within the body will always try to remain the same. This is controlled by what is known as the, â€Å"Negative feedback system†. There are receptors all over the bodies skin which detect and analyse all changes in temperature. All information passes from these receptors to the hypothalamus, which is the part of the brain that processes temperature regulation. When the body gets too hot, blood vessels will dilate. This means the blood vessels will become larger allowing the blood flow to increase nearer to the surface of the skin allowing body heat to escape. As well as this, when hot, the body will also sweat. When we sweat water is removed from the body and evaporates onto the skin, this effect will cool the body down slightly. If the temperature gets to high it could cause the body to oversweat. If the person isnt able to get liquids in them they will become dehydrated. This is known as a heat stroke. When the body gets to cold, blood vessels will become smaller and will reduce blood flow around the surface of the skin, this will keep body heat within the body. This is known as Vasoconstriction. Quite often people will get what is called, â€Å"goosebumps† over their skin. This is when the hairs over the body become raised by the small muscles on the skin, the hairs will catch the air which helps to insulate our body. When the bo dy temperature drops below 37degrees it will typically start to shiver, this is when the muscles inside the body start to shake involuntarily and produce extra heat. If the temperature of the body falls below 35degrees the body will suffer from hypothermia, typically the body will violently shiver which can lead to difficulty in moving. This can be treated by warming the person up.   Around 50-75% of the human body consists of water. In babies its higher at around 75% to 78% dropping as they get older. We must always be in-taking liquids to keep our water level up as we can excrete water though things such as sweating, urinating and breathing out water vapour. We take in water from food and drink. The human body NEEDS water to live. Cells within the body need water to pass through their membrane depositing needed partials inside them. Water helps to digest food, carry waste products, sends electrical messages amongst cells, regulates body temperature and lubricates joints. The water levels must be kept at the correct balance and this is done through the kidneys. The kidneys are one of the major organs of homoeostasis, the human body has two kidneys found in the abdominal cavity (below the ribcage).They regulate waterloss in the body, blood goes through the kidneys and is filtered. Kidneys produce urine, this is the waste of â€Å"filtered† molecules of wat er etc.. leaving the body. Around 180 litres of water is processed through the kidneys on a daily basis. The remains of what was filtered and not secreted from the body is then redistributed across the bodies circulatory system. Kidneys produce urine at different concentrations which maintain water balance. When the body is dehydrated and we intake more liquids the kidney will filter and keep the majority of liquid processing through it. Any urine that does exit the body will be more concentrated appearing darker in colour. Whereas if we are fully hydrated and drink more fluids than our body needs the kidney will process the liquids and filter out the majority, it will be very diluted and will be more in quantity than when your dehydrated. The kidneys water balance can change according to temperature, exercise, fluid intake and salt intake. 308 Within the body we require a certain volume of glucose (Sugar) in order to create Andesine triphosphate (ATP), energy within the body. ATP i s important as it’s the only energy source used by cells in the brain and nervous system. ATP levels will always be changing; therefore the body must regulate its blood sugars through Sugar homoeostasis. Too much sugar could result in a high PH level in your blood, which breaks down sugars into energy without 02 making acids. This makes blood more acidic and disturbs the balance, thus insulin is needed. This homeostasis is regulated by two hormones, Insulin and Glucagon. Insulin and Glucogon are protein hormones with a half-life, they need to be rapidly produced to maintain a constant homoeostasis. This all happens within the pancreas, inside the pancreas are lots of receptors which monitor sugar levels within the bloodstream. Insulins main job is to decrease the blood sugar levels, insulin also synthesizes fatty acids and muscle tissue and transports (k+), which is responsible for causing the electric pulses in your nerve system that transmits signals to your brain and muscles. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets when there is a high blood sugar. When the levels of blood glucose drop the production of insulin will also lower. Whenever the blood glucose levels become elevated, for example when we have just eaten, the production of insulin will become higher again. This will occur because of Parasympathetic stimulation from the nervous system. During this phase insulin levels in the blood increase and sugar levels lower. Glucagon is the opposite of insulin, it will increase blood sugar levels and is secreted from the pancreas when blood glucose gets low. It’s produced in the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. In the Sympathetic stimulation of the nervous system glucagon will help to elevate the amounts of blood glucose in the blood stream. There is normally around 70 – 99mg of glucose in our blood, 70-120mg after eating. Diabetes is a disorder some people can get when the glucose levels in the blood are too high and remain so. Treatment for this is an insulin shot. In type 2 diabetes the persons cells that detect certain parts of sugar, which will simulate the production of insulin will become damaged or destroyed hence they won’t be simply produced. So treatment for this is a lifestyle change by changing diet and exercising regularly, type 2 can be cured through this unlike type 1. All responses to any stimulus come from the central nervous system (CNS). The central nervous system consists of the Brain and the spinal cord which react to information received from senses. The brain is quite often compared to the humans processor and memory of a computer. The front of the brain is responsible for receiving and processing information ie/ thinking and controlling motor functions (motor pathway). The midbrain is responsible for audio and visual responces whereas the hindbrain contains all the sensory infromation (Sensory pathway). This is responsible for controlling things such as breathing, heart rate and digestion and is attached to the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a group of nerve fibres connected together which lead up to the brain. They appear in a cylinder shape and run down the centre of the spinal column towards the lower back. The spinal cord transmits data from the body organs to the brain. The Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) consists of two types of cel ls. Sensory and motor nervous cells and is divided into Somatic and Autonomic nervou system. The Somatic nervous system controls the skeleton muscle whereas the Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles. 194 Similarities and Differences between Endocrine system and Nervous system Endocrine System Nervous System Similarities Both the Endocrine system and the Nervous system rely on the release of chemicals, such as Epinephrine, around the body to work. They are both regulated by the negative feedback system and both work to monitor and regulate activities inside cells, organs, tissues etc they respond to external and internal environments to help maintain the perfect homoeostasis. Differences One of the main differences between the Endocrine and Nervous system is, the Endocrine system works on chemical stimuli to pass signals around the bodies cells and organs. It is made up of a set of glands which secrete hormones. Every glad is responsible for a different area of the body and they use the circulatory system to transmit signals around the body. Communication is transmitted slowly across long distance and their effect becomes longer lasting. Whereas the nervous system relies on electrical pulses to pass the signals. Is made up of a collection of cells called Neurons which are split into two systems, the Central nervous system (CNS) and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS).The nervous system used these Neurons to transmit signals. Communication is transmitted fast and across shorter distances and are shorter in life. The excretory system is the process of the body removing waste through excretion. It removes waste produced through the homoeostasis cycle and In doing so it maintains a constant homoeostasis. The majority of organs in the human body produce a metabolic waste and thrus the whole body relies on the excretion system to maintain a perfect equilibrium. The major parts of the body involved in this process are the; Kidneys, Ureters, Urethra, Bladder, Skin, Lungs, Large intestine and the Liver. The urinary system is the major part of the excretory system. The kidneys are two bean shaped organs located below the ribcage, in the middle of the human back. They are processors which process through blood and filter out around 2liters of waste products and water every day. All the waste will become urine which is passed through the Ureter to be stored in the bladder. When you go to the toilet, urine exits the body through the urethra tube. The second major part of the urinary system is based in the liver, one of the largest organs in the human body. Its found on the right side of the body and is the chemical powerhouse within the body. Its purpose is to detoxify and breakdown any alien chemicals that might enter our bodies. The liver produces something called bile, which breaks down fats into waste and usable fats. Around 5ft in lengh, the large intestine sits inside our stomach and transports solid waste to be excreted. It can take up to 24 hours for food to travel through a per sons large intestine. The lungs are responsible for respiration, cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide which is a waste product and is eliminated from the body through exhalation. Finally the skin, a crucial part of the excretory system eliminates sweat from the body, sweat contains salt and is a metabolic waste. 310 References abpi, (2012), Homeostasis – Kidneys and water balance [online]. Available: http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/homeostasis_kidneys/kidneys2.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1> [23/03/2015] BBC Bitesize, (2014), Maintaining Water Balance [online]. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_pre_2011/homeostasis/waterbalrev1.shtml>[23/03/2015]   ForDummies, (2013), Why your body needs water [online]. Available: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/why-your-body-needs-water.html> [23/03/2015] Biomed,(2014), Insulin. Glucagon [online]. Available: http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2002_Groups/pancstems/stemcell/insulin_glucagon.htm> [23/03/2015] About Education, (2012), Nervous System [online]. Available:http://biology.about.com/od/organsystems/a/aa061804a.htm> [23/03/2015] Mcwdn, (2011), Excretory system [online]. Available:http://www.mcwdn.org/body/excretory.html> [23/03/2015] Distance Learning Center, (2014), Homeostasis, coordination and Control and the Excretory System [online]. Available: http://www.distancelearningcentre.com/access_2014/materials/Biology/Homeostasis_and_Excretory_Systems/Homeostasis,_Coordination_and_Control,_and_the_Excretory_System.pdf> [23/03/2015]

Humanism :: essays research papers

According to Encyclopedia.com humanism is, â€Å" a philosophical and literary movement in which man and his capabilities are the central concern.† While this simple definition certainly does convey the essence of the movement, it does no justice to the whirlwind of artistic and intellectual inspiration stirred up by it. There are many forms of humanistic philosophy in today’s society, but the origin of this school of thought traces its roots back to the days of the scholars of ancient Greece and Rome. It was the revival of and renewed interest in Greco-Roman culture around (during the western transition from medieval to early modern culture) that marked the beginning of the Early Renaissance. The humanists believed that the Greek and Latin classics contained all the lessons one needed to lead a moral and effective life. It was the profound respect for nature and scientific knowledge and of course the reevaluation of classical thought, literature, and art that gave the Renaissance its distinctively secular stamp. Many accomplished artists and intellectuals studied during the roughly 200 year period of the Renaissance, and while some are more recognized than others, it is their combined wisdom that created many of foundations on which modern society is based. Though there were many great intellectuals, and artists during the three Renaissance periods, there are a few who clearly stick out as representing the true attitude of the times. These â€Å"Renaissance Men† as they are now called didn’t limit themselves to one medium of study or expression. Rather they embraced many forms of science and artistry, and through their combined studies observed, recorded, and created many scientific theories about nature, man and nature, and man and himself that still hold truth and are the basis of many fields of study today. Of all the artist-scientists of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci best deserves the title. Born in Florence during the High Renaissance (1452-1519) he was most certainly not a man of â€Å"book learning† da Vinci spent his life observing the world around him, either imitating nature through art, or explaining nature through science. His hundreds of ingenious mechanical inventions and extensive knowledge in the fields of art, biology and the natural sciences immortalize his role as the father of the scientific revolution. Da Vinci’s work Embryo in the Womb (ca.1510) seems to be a perfect example of the impression classic humanism had on the works of the Renaissance.

Dred Scott v. Sanford :: American History, Slavery, Freedom

Dred Scott, an African American man who was born into slavery, wanted what all slaves would have wanted, their freedom. They were mistreated, neglected, and treated not as humans, but as property. In 1852, Dred Scott sued his current owner, Sanford, about him, no longer being a slave, but a free man (Oyez 1). In Article four of the Constitution, it states that any slave, who set foot in a free land, makes them a free man. This controversy led to the ruling of the state courts and in the end, came to the final word of the Supreme Court. Is he a slave or a free man? Being born into slavery meant that Dred Scott had been exchanged from owners to owners (Knappman 16-17). His first owner, the Blows, died, and before their death, they sold Scott to Dr. Emerson. Dr. Emerson soon gave Scott away to his wife’s brother, Sanford (Knappman 16-17). Scott tried to buy his freedom away from Dr. Emerson’s wife but she just wouldn’t accept (Dred Scott Decision 1). Since Scott moved from place to place as a slave, he was able to go to Illinois, which was a free state (Richie 40). Because of the Constitution, Scott used his rights to sue Sanford claiming that he was a free man (Richie 40). With this in mind, it lead to arguments about both parties, the prosecuted and the defendant. With the help of the antislavery lawyers, they were able to assist the prosecution, Dred Scott, with his court case (Dred Scott Decision 1). Unfortunately, in the first trial, Scott lost due to the reason of not having enough evidence (Dred Scott Decision 1). Scott, determined to get his freedom, was given the chance for a second trial (â€Å"Dred Scott Case Collection†). Their main argument, about Sanford violating his Fifth Amendment rights, made them win their case in their second trial (Justia 1). The Fifth Amendment mentions that a person’s life, liberty, or property cannot be taken away without due process of law. They were taking away Scott’s liberty, but he deserved to be free because he was taken to a free state (Dred Scott Decision 1). Does this whole controversy end there? With Sanford losing in the second trial, it did not just end there. Sanford’s sister, Mrs. Emerson, appealed and because of that, it went to the Missouri Supreme Court (â€Å"Dred Scott Case Collection†).

Michael E. Porters Five Forces In Pepsi :: Business Strategy

  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction The model of the Five Competitive Forces was developed by Michael E. Porter in his book "Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors" in 1980. Since that time it has become an important tool for analyzing an organizations industry structure in strategic processes.    Porters model is based on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Especially, competitive strategy should base on and understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Porter has identified five competitive forces that shape every industry and every market. These forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The objective of corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the position of the organization. Porters model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Five Competitive Forces The Five Competitive Forces are typically described as follows: 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bargaining Power of Suppliers The term 'suppliers' comprises all sources for inputs that are needed in order to provide goods or services. Supplier bargaining power is likely to be high when:    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The market is dominated by a few large suppliers rather than a fragmented source of supply,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no substitutes for the particular input,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining power is low,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The switching costs from one supplier to another are high,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is the possibility of the supplier integrating forwards in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is especially high when  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The buying industry has a higher profitability than the supplying industry,  ·   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier,  ·   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The buying industry hinders the supplying industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of products),  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The buying industry has low barriers to entry. In such situations, the buying industry often faces a high pressure on margins from their suppliers. The relationship to powerful suppliers can potentially reduce strategic options for the organization.   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bargaining Power of Customers Similarly, the bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. Customers bargaining power is likely to be high when  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They buy large volumes, there is a concentration of buyers,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The supplying industry comprises a large number of small operators

An Efficient Bio-key Management Scheme for Telemedicine Applications

An Efficient Bio-key Management strategy for Telemedicine Applications Abstraction: Checkup detector webs play a critical function for real-time wellness attention monitoring of telemedicine based applications. Telemedicine provide specialized health care audience to patients in distant locations. We use electronic information and communicating engineerings to supply and back up health care when the distance separate the participants. In order to guarantee the privateness and security of patient’s critical wellness information, it is indispensable to supply efficient cryptanalysis strategy. This paper presents a fresh Mamdani based Bio-Key Management ( MBKM ) technique, which assures existent clip wellness attention supervising with out any overhead. We present the simulation consequences to demo that the proposed MBKM strategy can accomplish greater security in footings of public presentation prosodies such as False Match Rate ( FMR ) , False Non Match Rate ( FNMR ) , and Genuine Acceptance Rate ( GAR ) than other recent bing attacks. Keywords:Healthcare, security, Medical detector webs, Key Management 1. Introduction Progresss in communicating engineerings, such as wearable and implantable biosensors, along with recent developments in the embedded computer science country are enabling the design, development, and execution of medical detector webs. This category of webs is paving the manner for the deployment of advanced health care monitoring applications. In the past few old ages, much of the research in the country of medical detector webs has focused on issues related to medical detector designs, detector miniaturisation, low-power detector circuitry, signal processing, and communications protocols. In this paper, we present a novel Mamdani based Bio-Key Management ( MBKM ) , which assures existent clip wellness attention supervising with less operating expense for telemedicine applications. Telemedicine means the distant medical expertness at the point of demand or medicate at distance. Telemedicine engineering is chiefly required for the people populating in rural countries, aged people and handicapped people [ 1 ] . We highlight some of the design challenges and unfastened issues that still need to be addressed to do medical detector webs genuinely everyplace. The development of telemedicine based health care applications presents assorted fresh challenges like dependable existent clip informations transportation, seasonableness, Energy and Power direction for a broad scope of applications [ 2 ] . Further using new engineerings in telemedicine applications without sing security facets like privateness, hallmark, confidentiality and unity as susceptible [ 3 ] . For illustration, the patient’s wellness information is delicate and escape of single patient’s personal informations could do him uncomfortable. Furthermore sometimes exposing wellness information may ensue in a individual losing his occupation or do it infeasible to obtain insurance protection [ 4 ] . Fig.1 explains the hazards to patient security in Body Area Network ( BAN ) . Here assorted detectors are implanted in the human organic structure to mensurate the critical marks like ECG, EEG, EMG, Blood force per unit area, glucose degree, etc. , can be connected to other detectors or to the control nodes. Further detectors transmit the patient information to a medical expertness utilizing wired or wireless engineering. Now the interloper may spy the patient informations and he can change or may post the information in societal sites, which pose hazards to patient’s security. Fig.1 Risks to patient security More significantly, Healthcare supplier must follow HIPAA ( Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ) regulations. Otherwise supplier is subjected to punishment [ 5 ] .So a patient security is a most of import anxiousness in telemedicine based health care applications. 2. Related Plants With the betterment of progress engineering invasive computer science is observed as cardinal engineering to help streaming medical informations communicating for telemedicine based applications with the aid of deploying detectors [ 6, 7 ] .Several solutions for medical information security have been proposed to protect the Body country web security. ECC ( Elliptic curve cryptanalysis ) , hardware encoding, TinySec and biometric methods are sorts of solutions discussed in [ 8 ] . Link layer encoding is achieved in the organic structure country web by TinySec attack [ 9 ] . If one medical detector releases the key or it acts as an aggressor, all the information in the Body country web will be released. Elliptic curve cryptanalysis ( ECC ) has been used in the radio detector webs [ 10, 11 ] . This public cardinal cryptographic technique requires more energy compared to symmetric cardinal cryptanalytic techniques. Biometricss obtained from the human organic structure to procure the key is proposed in [ 12 ] . Compared with cryptanalytic techniques, this technique cut down calculation and communicating cost. Electro cardio gm ( ECG ) and Photo plethysmogram ( PPG ) signals are used as first-class biometric characteristics to procure the informations in organic structure country web [ 13, 14 ] . The fuzzed vault strategy has been preponderantly used for biometric hallmark, such as fingerprints and iris image acknowledgment [ 15–17 ] . Fuzzy vault strategy play a major function to work out the job of security in telemedicine based applications. Fuzzy vault strategy is used in Phsiological Signal based Key Agreement ( PSKA ) to set up secured pairwise cardinal understanding between the nodes in Body country webs [ 18 ] , which solves chiefly the synchronism job and issues in characteristic reordering [ 19 ] . Biometric Encryption strategy is a cryptanalysis strategy which is used to keep the security of biometries and bring forth a strong key from biometries [ 20 ] . In this strategy, the husk points are non necessary to be added to convey, so the hold clip and energy ingestion is reduced. In [ 21 ] , the writer proposes new thought for message and user hallmark. This strategy compares present ECG signal with the antecedently recorded ECG templet to verify the individuality. Since the templet is inactive, this method provides hapless public presentation. The writers of the paper [ 22 ] propose ECG-IJS strategy to better hallmark of streaming medical information. The writer used characteristics of ECG signal to identify coevals for unafraid real-time medical informations communicating. 3. System Design Mamdani based Bio-key Management ( MBKM ) strategy is proposed based on the earlier treatment on ECG-IJS strategy. MBKM strategy is introduced to guarantee the security for streaming medical informations communicating in Telemedicine based applications. The proposed MBKM strategy is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 MBKM strategy A novel proposed MBKM strategy is shown in Fig. 2 which uses organic structure country webs to give qui vive to the infirmary, even before the patient have critical jobs like bosom onslaught, glucose degree through mensurating alterations in their important marks as temperature of the patient, pulse rate, glucose degree, blood force per unit area and respiratory rate. Detectors, which are implanted in the patient’s organic structure step the degree of important marks and convey the parametric quantity values to medical expert working in the intensive bearer unit of the infirmary to take necessary actions to salvage the life of a patient. Intensive attention units are equipped with multi-modal proctors which are able to simultaneously step and expose the wellness position of the patient. In such instance, this important real-time medical information must be good sheltered against aggressors and security facets must be satisfied [ 23 ] . Health attention units with hapless security execution processs for telemedicine may take to incorrect diagnosing and intervention for the patient. The process at the transmitter side is given as follows: Electrocardiogram detector is used to detect the ECG signal from the human organic structure. Nyquist theorem at the rate of 120 Hz is applied on the ECG signal to take samples. 512 points Fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) is conducted on the sampled ECG informations. Since FFT procedure is symmetric foremost 256 coefficients are retained among 512 coefficients. All the extremum values on the extracted FFT coefficients are used as characteristics. A multinomial equation with degree N is constructed and the cardinal K is generated. Patient’s information is encrypted with the generated key K and hash value based on SHA-1 algorithm is calculated. Then sender sends the envelope contains the encrypted message, subset of coefficients and hash value to the receiving system. The process at the receiver side is described as follows: Similar to the transmitter, receiving system besides repeats the process to detect the ECG signal, try the signal and pull out the first 256 Feature coefficients. Then a new multinomial with degree M is constructed utilizing the standard coefficients and the multinomial on all points in characteristics to acquire a set of braces. Key at the receiving system K’ is reconstructed from received coefficients and the new hash value is calculated. Key K and hash value is compared with reconstructed cardinal K’ and new hash value. If the keys are same, so decrypted information is authenticated informations. Mamdani based Fuzzy illation system is playing a major function to guarantee security in telemedicine applications. Stairss for the design of fuzzed illation system are explained in the instance of multinomial grade 10 as follows: 1 ) Input signal variables are identified as I1, I2and end product variable is identified as Y. 2 ) Universe of discourse for the input variables are defined in the scope [ -0.01, -1e-16] and end product variable is defined in the scope [ 0,1 ] . 3 ) Linguistic label assigned for the interval spanned by each input variables in to a figure of fuzzed subsets are taken as S1, S2, S3, S4, S5,Second6, S7, S8, S9, S10. Linguistic label assigned for the interval spanned by each end product variables in to a figure of fuzzed subsets are taken as Yttrium1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5Yttrium6, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y104 ) Triangular rank map is assigned for each fuzzy subset. 5 ) Rule-base is formed by delegating the fuzzy relationship between inputs fuzzed subsets on the one manus and end products fuzzy subset on the other manus. If I1is S1and I2is S1so Y is Y1.If I1is S1and I2is S2so Y is Y2.If I1is S1and I2is S3so Y is Y3.If I1is S1and I2is S4so Y is Y4.If I1is S1and I2is S5so Y is Y5.If I1is S1and I2is S6so Y is Y6.If I1is S1and I2is S7so Y is Y7.If I1is S1and I2is S8so Y is Y8.If I1is S1and I2is S9so Y is Y9.If I1is S1and I2is S10so Y is Y10.In similar manner, wholly the 100 combinations of regulations are formed. 6 ) Fuzzy end products recommended by each regulation are aggregated. 7 ) Crisp end product is obtained by using one of the defuzzification technique called Centroid of country ( COA ) . Then utilizing this end product, parametric quantities like False Match Rate, False Non Match Rate and Genuine Acceptance Rate are calculated. 4. Simulation Consequences We validate the MBKM strategy by mensurating the parametric quantities like False Match Rate ( FMR ) , False Non Match Rate ( FNMR ) and Genuine Acceptance Rate ( GAR ) and Half Total Error Rate ( HTER ) . For this strategy, we downloaded 10 patient’s ECG signal for 10 seconds from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. We used MATLAB package tool to imitate the proposed MBKM strategy. ECG signals are used for coevals of cardinal and medical information like EEG, EMG, blood glucose degree, blood force per unit area degree etc. , can be send to medical expertness in existent clip for telemedicine based applications. The public presentation of FMR versus figure of patients is given inFig. 3. FMR value represents the chance that the system falsely matches the input form to a non-matching templet in the database. It measures the per centum of invalid inputs which are falsely accepted. So FMR value must be low for the stable system. This secret plan proves that False Match Rate is lower in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to ECG-IJS strategy. Fig. 3 FMR versus Number of patients The public presentation of FNMR versus figure of patients is shown inFig. 4. FNMR value represents the chance that the system fails to observe a lucifer between the input form and a duplicate templet in the database. It measures the per centum of valid inputs which are falsely rejected.Stable system should give lower FNMR. This secret plan proves that False Non Match Rate is lower in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to bing ECG-IJS strategy. Fig. 4 FNMR versus Number of patients The public presentation of GAR versus figure of patients is present inFig. 5.GAR value represents the fraction of hallmark efforts by echt users that are accepted. Stable system should give higher GAR. This secret plan proves that Genuine Acceptance Rate is higher in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to the bing ECG-IJS strategy. Fig. 5 GAR versus Number of patients The public presentation of HTER versus figure of patients is present inFig. 6.HTER value represents the norm of False Match Rate and False Non Match Rate. Stable system should give low HTER. This secret plan proves that HTER is lower in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to the bing ECG-IJS strategy. Fig. 6 HTER versus Number of patients 5. Decision Secure communicating is robustly required to continue a patient’s wellness privateness and safety in telemedicine based applications. In this paper, we present an efficient Mamdani based Bio-Key Management ( MBKM ) strategy for cardinal direction based security strategy in telemedicine based applications. This strategy makes the system stable system by supplying low FNMR, High GAR, low FMR and low HTER. This new strategy is less complex and is offers the security in footings of hallmark, informations confidentiality, informations unity. It remains future work to make energy analysis and implement nervous web attack to procure medical informations communicating for telemedicine applications. Mentions: [ 1 ] Yasumitsu Tomaika, Isao Nakajima, Hiroshi Juzoji, Toshihikonkitano, Patent Issues on Telemedicine in eHealth, IEEE International conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Service,187-193,2008. Pardeep kumar and Hoon Jay-Lee, Security Issues in Healthcare Applications Using Wireless Medical Sensor Networks: A Survey, Sensors,55-91,2012 [ 3 ] Dimitriou, T. , ,Loannis, K. , Security Issues in Biomedical Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Applied Sciences on Biomedical and Communication Technologies ( ISABEL’08 ) , Aalborg, Denmark, 25–28 October 2008. [ 4 ] Meingast.M, Roosta.T. , Sastry.S, Security and Privacy Issues with Healthcare Information Technology. In Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, New York, NY, USA,5453-5458, 31 August–3 September 2006. . [ 5 ] Office for Civil Rights, United State Department of Health and Human Services. Medical Privacy. National Standards of Protect the Privacy of Personal-Health-Information. Available online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/privacyrule/index.html. [ 6 ] J. Woods, â€Å"The five manners of centripetal applications, † Gartner Research, 2006. [ 7 ] M. M. M. B. Amer and M. I. M. Izraiq, â€Å"System with intelligent cable-less transducers for monitoring and analysing biosignals, † European Patent Application, 2007. [ 8 ] M. Mana, M. Feham, and B. A. Bensaber, â€Å"Trust cardinal direction strategy for radio organic structure country webs, † International Journal of Network Security, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 61–69, 2011. [ 9 ] C. Karlof, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner, â€Å"TinySec: a nexus bed security architecture for radio detector webs, † in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, ( SenSys ’04 ) , pp. 162–175, Baltimore, Md, USA, November 2004. [ 10 ] M. Guennoun, M. Zandi, and K. El-Khatib, â€Å"On the usage of biometries to procure radio biosensor webs, † inProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Informationand Communication Technologies: FromTheory to Applications, ( ICTTA ’08 ), pp. 1–5, Damascus, Syria, April 2008. [ 11 ] P. Szczechowiak, L. B. Oliveira, M. Scott, M. Collier, and R. Dahab, â€Å"NanoECC: proving the bounds of elliptic curve cryptanalysis in detector webs, † inProceedings of the 5ThursdayEuropean Conference onWireless Sensor Networks, pp. 305–320, Bologna, Italy, February 2008. [ 12 ] S. Cherukuri, K. K. Venkatasubramanian, and S. K. S. Gupta, â€Å"BioSec: a biometric based attack for procuring communicating in wireless webs of biosensors implanted in the human organic structure, † inProceedings of the International Conferenceon Parallel Processing Workshops, pp. 432–439, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, October 2003. [ 13 ] C. C. Y. Poon, Y.-T. Zhang, and S.-D. Bao, â€Å"A novel biometries method to procure radio organic structure country detector webs for telemedicine and m-health, † IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 73–81, 2006. [ 14 ] S. D. Bao, C. C. Y. Poon, L. F. Shen, and Y. T. Zhang, â€Å"Using the timing information of pulse as an entity identifier to procure organic structure detector web, † IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 12, no. 6, pp.772–779, 2008. [ 15 ] U. Uludag, S. Pankanti, and A. K. Jain, â€Å"Fuzzy vault for fingerprints, † in Proceedings of the Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication ( AVBPA ’05 ) , vol. 3546, pp. 310–319, Hilton Rye Town, NY, USA, July 2005. [ 16 ] E. S. Reddy and I. R. Babu, â€Å"Authentication utilizing fuzzed vault based on iris textures, † inProceedings of the 2nd Asia International Conference on Modelling and Simulation, ( AMS ’08 ), pp. 361–368, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 2008. [ 17 ] A. Juels and M. Sudan, â€Å"A fuzzy vault strategy, † inProceedings of the International Symposium on Information Theory, vol. 38, pp. 237–257, Seattle, Wash, USA, July 2006. [ 18 ] K. K. Venkatasubramanian, A. Banerjee, and S. K. S. Gupta, â€Å"PSKA: useable and unafraid cardinal understanding strategy for organic structure country webs, †IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 60–68, 2010. [ 19 ] F. M. Bui and D. Hatzinakos, â€Å"Biometric methods for secure communications in organic structure sensor webs: resource-efficient cardinal direction and signal-level informations scrambling, †EURASIPJournal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2008, Article ID 529879, 16 pages, 2008. [ 20 ] A. K. Jain, K. Nandakumar, and A. Nagar, â€Å"Biometric templet security, †EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2008, Article ID 579416, 17 pages, 2008. 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Men’s Wearhouse: Success in a Declining Industry Essay

Diagnosis: After reading the whole case, I believe that the hiring policy was not followed was the biggest problem. The reason that was because the regional and district managers did not really follow the way it should be. Since the company expanded rapidly, the managers had the pressure to fill positions quickly in order to run the company well. At the meanwhile, managers had to check a large numbers of applications from sales people from other retailers and it was really hard for managers to recognize who were potentially consultants, not clerks. Therefore, there was tendency to hire those who had more experiences. The company spent a lot of resources on training people who grew up in retail they lack of potential to be consultants and mentally being a sort of â€Å"clerk† kind and it would be less effective. Also when they face to customers they probably lack of passion and sluggishly during work. The long-term impact of the problem would be there were not enough employees qualified as consultants and clerks would not get promoted. And customers who were treated sluggishly would not come back, eventually would affect company’s reputation and sales volume in long-term Analysis: Since employees who grew up in retail they lack of potential to be consultants and mentally being a sort of â€Å"clerk† kind, therefore it would be hard for company to change their minds. By using SWOT analysis, I found out strengths of this company was the core idea that they are not just selling cloths but also understanding people, both your teammates and your customers. The weakness was not every employee understand this idea and treat customers the company wishes. Opportunities were their minds would be change after intensive training. Threat would be company spent extra resources on training. Recommendation: My suggestion on this problem is managers should be more responsible for hiring employees, and also they can get commissions if people who get promoted as qualified consultants. In the meanwhile, their wages would reduce if potential consultants perform badly in the future. By performance appraisal and sales data, superior mangers can make decisions on whether inferior managers get commissions or not. Outcomes: I expect mangers would follow the fundamental way to hire employees and they directly take responsibilities for their performance of those they hired. Mangers would be careful when they check the applications and since the employees have more consultant potentials than being a â€Å"clerk†, the company would save a lot of resources and spend these resources on more effective uses

Involved in finance Essay

A. I’ve always wanted to learn about accounting and all the ins-and-outs involved in finance. My goal was always to be the as best in accountancy as I could be. The only setback to this is the fact that to learn all of the needed knowledge, it would entail my going to a university, spending on tuition and giving up four years of my life to a classroom, rather than be in the practical environment. This is the point where my Boss comes in. He was the answer to my dilemma and the gift to my career that set me forth in learning. B. My Boss is an intelligent and learned man with a doctorate in accounting. He was a man who mastered many skills in his field and had the passion to share his knowledge with all who wished to learn. It is because of his patience and diligence in teaching me that he granted me with the knowledge I needed in accounting. He gave me all I needed in four months of instruction, something that would have required me four years to learn in college. II. My Boss and his relationship with me A. I would say that my Boss, apart from being my superior, was someone I became comfortable with and was like a father to me. He gave me his time like and good father would do to his child. He would stay with me and teach me, and I could see pride in his eyes when he saw me learning. It was as if I was a little bird in a nest and he was the father that was teaching me to fly. Indeed, it was as if he was looking at me as his son, and I to him as my father. He knew I was beginning a journey that he had well surpassed long ago. Now, he was seeing to it that I walked the right path and had the right knowledge to go on my way. I can’t describe enough how good he was to me and how far he went to give me all that I needed to be better. B. Another good thing, or should I say ‘great’ thing, about my boss is that apart from the role of a father, he was also my friend. He was someone that I could talk to and that I knew would listen to me. It is true that he was like a father and he would look on me, instruct me and guide me, as the mentor that he was. However, apart from that, he was someone I could chat with about just everything. He was someone who would be interested in your everyday life and in things you wanted to share. This is believe is one thing that set him apart from everyone else. Others describe bosses as ‘bossy’ and harsh. As for him, he was the opposite. He was a kind man and understanding to all people around him. III. My Boss as the Employer that he was. A. As an employer, due to his good manner and how well he conducted himself to everyone, he was well-loved by everyone. When I interviewed people at his workplace, they said that he was very patient with people and gave you time to learn. His belief is that learning is like an ocean, vast and endless, and it takes a lot of time for a person to keep on garnering more knowledge. Other employees also described him as a very patient man. Even if as a boss, he could have been overbearing, he chose not to be. He was very patient and understood the situations people could be in. He was also very generous and giving, most especially of his time and the information he had to teach. He believed that people must learn from each other, and always pass knowledge on. He believed that mistakes were acceptable and were a necessary part of learning and improvement. IV. My Boss as a Family Man A. As a family man, my boss was just as great as he was in work. If not, he was probably even better, as what he gave to his own family must have been even deeper than to people at work. On speaking to his wife, she mentioned that she was a dream father. One couldn’t ask for more than who he was. He was there for his kids in school. He stood by them when they were sick and took care of them. He listened to them, played with them and was personal with them. B. He was a great husband as well. He had so much love to give everyone, and such devotion and loyalty to his wife. He was always there for her whenever she needed him. C. His family is a success story. Because of the man he was, and the example he brought, his children lived good lives. Two daughters became doctors, one son a lawyer, and one other daughter followed his footsteps into accounting. V. Conclusion Truly, it is not surprising how people reacted to my boss because of the good he brings into the world. He was a man of good heart, open-minded and was there for everyone. He built an empire with love and by helping everyone who needed him. His life anthem could best be summarized by his definition of word T. E. A. M. : â€Å"Together Everyone Achieves More†.

Teamwork: Communication and Group

Communication is essential throughout our daily life, both in our personal life and professional life. Communication skills are vital when we are working towards a common goal as a part of a team (Kearney-Nunnery, 2008). By observing and evaluating yourself when in interaction with others, we can learn how to communicate effectively. Group work demonstrates our capacity to communicate effectively, share and reflect on our opinions, gain trust for group members, and resolve conflicts. A team can be defined as â€Å"a group of individuals who work together to produce products or deliver services for which they are mutually accountable (Tyrer, 2004). Teamwork is described as â€Å"a dynamic process involving two or more [health professionals] with complimentary backgrounds and skills, sharing common [health] goals (†¦ ). This is accomplished through interdependent collaboration, open communication and shared decision-making (Ream & Xyrichis, 2007). † â€Å"Effective collab oration can lead to effective teamwork (Canadian Health Services Research Foundation). † One of the most commonly used methods to assess our performance is through writing a reflective evaluation. In this assignment, I have been asked to reflect on my communication patterns and experiences whilst working within a group. This semester we were asked to work in small groups of 4 – 5 students to prepare a 20 minute information session on the ‘completion of documentation’, and perform a presentation in front of the class. In this assignment I will demonstrate my understanding of group dynamics and communication skills, reflect on my experience during the group activity, and briefly explain how the member contributions were divided up for the group presentation. Team members are described as â€Å"having complementary skills, being committed to a common purpose and holding themselves accountable for their performance (Tyrer, 2004). † These descriptions make it clear that teams are about working together as a group, and each member of the team has a purpose within the group, in working towards a common goal. Team members share goals and are mutually held accountable for meeting them (Canadian Health Services Research Foundation). † To be effective, team members must be flexible and tolerant. For successful teamwork, there must be open and effective communication between all of the team members. Open communication means that all members of the team have their chance to share ideas without being criticized. Establishing such communication between all members is vital for productivity and achievement of goals. â€Å"If effective, the team is more likely to utilize the full range of diverse knowledge and skills available (Tyrer, 2004). † Because the team is held collectively accountable, integrating with one another is expected and included in the responsibilities of each member. Unequal levels of participation between the members of the team may inhibit the smooth running of a team (Caldwell et al). Group working allows people's individual skills and knowledge to merge, which compensates in areas where individual members are lacking. â€Å"It has been argued that teamwork offers greater adaptability and creativity than any one individual can offer, while promoting job satisfaction and staff retention. (Ream & Xyrichis, 2007)† Many variables affect teamwork and team performance on group assignments; including the individual characteristics and personalities the students, the mode of delivery, and understanding of what teamwork involves. During the group work activity I learned how to work with different personalities. Everyone approached the topic differently. I think each group member brought a unique perspective to the group, which helped to create ideas and allowed the group to discuss each angle with each other. Although our group did not have a clear leader chosen at the start of our group work, I believe Rebecca held many of the essential qualities of a group leader. â€Å"The leader has the responsibility to develop team processes (for example, clarity of roles and support for the team) and create favourable performance conditions for the team (Canadian Health Services Research Foundation). Our group decided to divide the topic of ‘completion of documentation’ up into categories with subheadings (e. g. reasons for documentation, history of documentation, forms of documentation, errors in documentation, etc. ); each group member was then responsible for writing a paragraph on one bullet point, ensuring we distributed the work fairly among the group. However, we did all of the b rainstorming as a group and used group meetings to create outlines for the designated points each person was to follow. Once a draft was written, each group member edited it and gave comments, but final adjustments were left to the writer’s discretion. This was to ensure that our categories flowed nicely. We then met as a group and collectively created a PowerPoint presentation with the information we had gathered, instead of having one person doing the majority of the work. In between group meetings, we kept each other updated on our progress via emails. This allowed us to exchange information and share resources. We used email to keep in touch with team members as an easy way to get a hold of other members of the team in the fastest way possible. I found this effective as we were able to maintain contact during our busy weeks. Although I thought communicating via email was appropriate due to the colliding schedules of the group members, more direct observation of the team at work together as a group would be helpful in my assessment of the effectiveness of teamwork behaviours, and the writing of this paper. More frequent team meetings dedicated to the group presentation may have resulted in better communication, which could have allowed for better transfer of knowledge and therefore may have increased our team performance during the presentation. During group meetings, all members participated actively, trying to express their point of view. I think everyone had equal opportunity to voice their opinions and incorporate their ideas into the presentation. I thought working in a group setting was really valuable, which enabled us to expand our communication skills, and become more aware of our behaviour in group situations. In summary, Teamwork is the interaction or relationship of two or more people, who work interdependently towards a common goal. Team-based methods of working have many advantages. Team working has been viewed as a valuable way of improving performance, and quality of working life in a health care setting. Teamwork will accomplish a task more effectively and efficiently than an individual effort. Working in a team requires effective communication. For teamwork to be successful, it is important that every member of the team has patience or tolerance for the opinions of the rest of the team members. When members respect each other’s opinions, there will not only be an increase in productivity, but in teamwork itself. The development of an effective team requires a positive attitude and commitment toward teamwork, along with an understanding of what teamwork involves. REFERENCES Caldwell, K. , Atwal, A. , Copp, G. , Brett-Richards, M. , & Coleman, K. (2006). Preparing for practice: how well are practitioners prepared for teamwork. British Journal of Nursing, (15) 22, 1250-1254 Canadian Health Services Research Foundation. (June 2006). Teamwork in healthcare: Promoting effective teamwork in healthcare in Canada. Policy synthesis and recommendation. Retrieved October 13, 2010 From: Http://www. Chsrf. Ca/Research_Themes/Pdf/TeamworkSynthesisReport_ E. Pdf Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing (4th ed). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Tyrer, J. (2004). What lessons can we learn from effective teamwork? Nursing & Residential Care. 6 (2), 86-88 Xyrichis, A. & Ream, E. (2007). Teamwork: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing: Theoretical paper. 61, 232–241.